Abstract

Climate change is one of the most important issues globally and one of the most important obstacles facing sustainable development due to the phenomenon of global warming, which has caused a rise in temperatures that poses a serious threat to agricultural production all over the world, so heat stress reduces plant growth and development by affecting the plants main metabolic pathways. Plants have different mechanisms that humans and animals do not have, through which they can adapt and withstand the type and degree of stress including morphological, physiological and molecular mechanisms. At the field level, agricultural management such as soil cover, planting date, water management and variety selection played an important role in reducing the harmful effects of heat stress. External application such as mineral nutrition, growth regulators and natural stimulants have shown beneficial effects for plants growing under high temperatures due to improved growth and plant defense system (antioxidants).